Nk’igice nyamukuru c’uburyo bwo gutanga amazi mu nganda, uguteza imbere amazi y’imipira y’ivyuma bifitaniye isano cane n’iterambere mu vy’ubuhinga bw’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma, ugutera imbere mu bisabwa vyo gukoresha ivyuma vy’inganda, be n’ingingo ngenderwako zikomeye cane zijanye n’ibidukikije. Igikapu ca polyester (mu bisanzwe gikomezwa n’insinga za polyester kandi gifatanijwe n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwinshi nk’igikapu ca nitrile, igikapu ca nitrile gifise hydrogène, canke igikapu ca fluoro) cakoreshejwe ubwa mbere hagati y’ikinjana ca 20 gushika -iherezo ry’ikinjana ca 20. Iciyo gihe, imipaka y’imipira y’imipira ya kera (nk’imipira y’imipira kavukire canke imipira imwe y’imipira) mu guhangana n’amavuta, mu guhangana n’ubushuhe bwinshi, no mu gukomera kw’ivyuma buhorobuhoro vyaragaragaye-nk’akarorero, mu guhingura imodoka no mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa peteroli, imipira y’imipira ya kera yakoreshwa n’amavuta, amavuta y’ibitoro, canke umwotsi w’ubushuhe bwinshi-, bituma ubuzima bumara igihe gito n’ugusohoka ingorane.
Iterambere ry’imipira y’imipira ya polyester riri mu mibumbe yayo y’ibintu vyinshi: igice co hanze gikoresha imipira y’imipira y’ivyuma ishobora guhangana n’ibihe- (nk’iyitwa chlorosulfonated polyethylene) kugira ngo ihangane n’ugusenyuka kw’ibidukikije; igice co hagati gikoresha ubugozi bwinshi-insinga z'insinga za polyester ziboshe canke zizingira kugira ngo zitange umubiri ushobora guhangana n'umukazo-; kandi igice c’imbere gikoresha imipira idasanzwe (nk’iyi fluororubber) kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku guhuza neza neza ivy’imiti. Iyi nzira "sandwich" irayiha ivyiza nk'uguhangana n'amavuta, guhangana n'ubushuhe bwinshi (-40℃gushika kuri 200℃canke mbere n'ibindi), guhangana n'urushe rw'imitsi, n'ubuzima buramba (mu bisanzwe incuro 2-3 z'amazi y'imipira ya kera), bikaba bituma yihuta gukoreshwa mu guhingura ibintu vyinshi.
Uvuye ku bijanye n’ivyo isoko risaba, ugutera imbere kw’inganda kw’isi yose kwatumye habaho ukwaguka kw’uguhingura amazi y’imipira y’ivyuma. Ku ruhande rumwe, inganda zikomeye za kera (nk’ugukura amavuta n’ugutunganya imiti) zirabandanya gutera imbere mu gusaba imiyoboro y’amazi idashobora gusenyuka, ifise umuvuduko munini-; ku rundi ruhande, ibikorwa bishasha (nk’uburyo bushasha bwo gukonjesha amabateri y’ibinyabiziga bikoresha inguvu, uburyo bwo gutanga amazi asukuye cane mu guhingura ibikoresho bikoreshwa n’amazi, n’uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi mu kirere) biriko birasaba cane ubusuku bw’ibikoresho, ukuri kw’ingero, no guhangana n’ibidukikije bikomeye cane. Dushingiye ku mibare y’inganda, ubunini bw’isoko ry’imipira y’imipira kw’isi yose ryarengeye miliyari XX z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 20XX, n’iterambere ry’umwaka ry’uruvange ryagumye kuri X%-X%, muri ryo akarere ka Aziya-Pacifique (na cane cane Ubushinwa n’Ubuhindi) kacitse isoko rinini ry’iterambere ry’ibikorwa kubera clutu.
Insobanuro y'inganda: Infashanyo y'ingero nyinshi-ku mirongo y'inganda y'ubu
1. Guha ubushobozi ubuhinga: Gutuma ibikoresho vy'agaciro kanini bikora neza
Agaciro nyamukuru k'amazi y'imipira ya polyester kari mu "guhindura no guhindura." Nk’akarorero, mu guhingura imodoka, imirongo y’amavuta ya moteri itegerezwa guhangana n’ugusenyuka kwa peteroli, ukunyiganyiga, n’ibidukikije vy’ugutangura bifise ubushuhe buke -degree -XX. Ivyuma bisanzwe vy’imipira birashobora gukomera no gusaduka, mu gihe ivyuma vy’imipira vy’imipira bifise igice c’imbere c’imipira y’umupira w’amaguru (fluororubber) n’igice c’imbere c’imipira y’imipira (polyester) bishobora kwongereza ubuzima bwavyo ku bilometero birenga XX0.000. Mu bikorwa vyo gucapura amabara y’ivyuma, ivyuma bishirwa mu mazi meza cane canke mu mirongo y’amazi y’ivyuma bitegerezwa kuba biri munsi y’urugero rwa PPT (ibice ku triliyoni). Ivyuma vy’imipira vy’ipolyester, biciye mu mibumbe idafise amabuye y’agaciro be n’uguheza kw’imbere mu gice gicunzwe (Ra Muto canke bingana na 0.Xμm), birarinda neza kwanduzwa n’ibindi kandi bikaba bituma umusaruro w’ibipande ugira. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bitera imbere mu buryo butaziguye kandi ni urufunguruzo rwo kugabanya ibiciro no gutuma habaho ugukora neza mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none.
2. Gukingira umutekano: Kugabanya ingorane z’impanuka zo mu nganda Ivyuka biva mu bikoresho vyo gutanga amazi bishobora gutuma haba umuriro (nk’akarorero, umurongo w’amavuta y’ibinyabiziga uca), ibiturika (nk’akarorero, ivyuka biva mu bikoresho vya kera bihuye n’imbeya zifunguye), canke uguhumana kw’ibidukikije (nk’akarorero, ibintu bitera ubumara biva mw’ivu). Igishushanyo c’inkomezi nyinshi- (umuvuduko wo guturika ushobora gushika hejuru ya XXMPa) n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ivy’amakuru bw’amazi y’imipira y’ivyuma bigabanya cane ivyo bibazo. Dufashe nk’akarorero ibibanza vyo gucukura amavuta, amazi y’imipira y’imipira akenshi araturika kubera gusambuka mu gihe co gutwara ivu ry’umuvuduko munini-. Ariko rero, amahose y’imipira ya polyester, afise umugozi wayo w’icuma wo gukomeza n’umugozi w’imipira udashobora gusenyuka, arashobora kwagura igihe co gusanasana kuva ku mezi X gushika ku mezi arenga X, bikagabanya cane ubushobozi bwo guhagarara kw’ibikorwa vyo mu mwobo. Ikindi kandi, ibintu vyavyo bishobora gutuma umuriro udatera (vyongeweko aluminium hydroxide canke antimony trioxide) birakoreshwa cane mu bihe bifise ibisabwa bikomeye vyo gukingira umuriro, nk’ugutwara abantu n’ibintu mu nzira n’inguvu z’imishwarara.
3. Ihinduka ry'ivyatsi: Guhuza n'Iterambere Riramvye Kubera iterambere ry'intumbero z'isi yose z'"dual carbon", urwego rw'inganda ruriko rurarushiriza gusaba ibisabwa bikomeye ku bijanye n'imiterere y'ibidukikije y'ibikoresho. Inganda zikora amazi y’imipira y’impuzu zisubiza iyo ngendo mu buryo bubiri: Ubwa mbere, ico kintu ubwaco kiragabanya ibirimwo ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane (nk’ivyo bita hexavalent chromium be n’ivyo bita polyester aromatic hydrocarbons) biciye mu guhingura ibintu vyiza, bihuye n’ingingo mfatirwako mpuzamakungu nk’amategeko ya EU REACH be n’icemezo ca US NSF; ica kabiri, ubuzima bwayo buramba buragabanya imyanda y’ibikoresho n’imyanda ikomeye iterwa n’ugusubirizwa kenshi-imibare yerekana ko gusubirira ibintu vya kera n’umuyoboro umwe w’imipira y’ivyuma bishobora kugabanya ugukoresha imipira hafi XX% n’ugukoresha inguvu n’ibice XX% mu kiringo cose c’ubuzima (dutenance). Amashirahamwe amwe amwe mbere yarateguye imiyoboro y’imipira ikozwe mu nsinga za polyester (ikoresheje polyester ya PTT ikomoka ku bihingwa-ikoreshwa mu gusubirira PET ishingiye kuri peteroli-), ivyo bikaba vyatumye uruhererekane rw’inganda rugira icatsi kibisi.
4. Agaciro k’ubutunzi: Gutuma habaho iterambere ry’inganda zo mu mazi no mu mazi
Uruzitiro rw’inganda rw’imiyoboro y’imipira y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (nitrile/fluororubber), ibikoresho vyo gukomeza (ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma), ibikoresho vyo gukora (ibikoresho vyo gusohora, ibidengeri vy’ivyuma), n’ibikorwa vy’iherezo (uguhingura imodoka, inguvu, imashini). Iterambere ryayo ry'ubuhinga risaba gutuma habaho ubuhinga bushasha mu vyongera mu mipira (nk'ibintu bishobora guhangana n'ubushuhe n'ibirwanya ububabare) n'uburyo bwo gukora neza, mu gihe ibikorwa vyo mu ruzi, biciye mu gukoresha ku rugero runini, bisubira mu gushora imari mu bushakashatsi n'iterambere, bikagira uruziga rwiza rw'ubuhinga bushasha." Mu Bushinwa, n'iterambere ry'ingene ingamba za "Manufacturing Powerhouse" ziteye imbere, amashirahamwe yo mu gihugu yaraciye mu buhinga bwa "bottleneck" bw'imiyoboro y'imipira y'agaciro kanini (nk'imiyoboro y'amazi y'indege n'imiyoboro y'amavuta y'ibinyabiziga), atari ugusubirira gusa ubucuruzi bw'ibintu biva hanze ariko kandi (nk’isoko ry’amamashini y’ubwubatsi ryo muri Aziya y’amajepfo n’ibihimba bishasha vy’imodoka zikoresha inguvu zo mu Buraya).
Naho imiyoboro y'imipira ya polyester yoshobora gusa n'"ibice bitobito" mu ruhererekane rw'inganda, ni "urufatiro rw'ingenzi" rushigikira ibikorwa vyiza, bitekanye, kandi bifise ivyatsi bitotahaye vy'inganda zo muri iki gihe. Kuva ku gutera imbere kw’ubuhinga bwa kera gushika ku gutera imbere kw’inganda ziriko ziratera imbere, ugusubiramwo ubuhinga bwama bihuye n’ivyo inganda zikeneye. Mu gihe kizoza, n’ugushiramwo ibikoresho bishasha (nk’imipira nanocomposite) n’ubuhinga bwo gukora (nk’icapa ry’imiyoboro 3D) ubuhinga, inganda y’imiyoboro y’imipira ya polyester yitezwe ko izorushiriza gutera imbere mu bijanye n’ubushobozi bwinshi n’ubwenge, iguma itera inguvu nshasha z’isi yose.
